Monday, 8 November 2021

The aim pursued by revolutionaries, like the origins of revolution, are the same in tyrannies and kingship as they are under regular constitution. Comment

Aristotle by this statement reflects the essence of revolution which can appear in any form of government worst like tyrannies or best like kingship under the constitution.  Aristotle treats constitution, government and state are interchangeable terminologies. He has compared 158 constitutions and given a detailed view of the cause of revolution.

He prefaces stability and is sensitive toward any change in the political system. Unlike the contemporary revolution associated with Karl Marx, Aristotle's concept of revolution means any change in the political order- big or small, peaceful or violent, change in the number of people, change in the constitution. He has given a general cause or regime specific cause that exists in all forms of government. Among the general cause, the commonest cause is the feeling of inequality which is linked with the feeling of injustice. Thus, he is sensitive about the psychological conditions of men also. The feeling of inequality may be real or imagined. 

Other general causes include a universal passion for power and privileges, carelessness and corruption of the ruling classes, the rivalry between classes, inequalities between income and wealth, impartial behaviour of state giving more privileges to certain individuals and ignoring others and sudden influx of foreigners. In the context of regime specific changes, the monarchy has family quarrels and jealousy, oligarchy suffers the class rivalry, poor conspire against the rich and rich neglect the poor, in the democracy, people will elect the demagogic leaders who will lead into tyranny.

Aristotle has given some additional solutions also as cultivating the spirit of obedience to the law which reflects his concept of the universal justice, educating citizens about the civic virtues, inculcating patriotism, never mistreating any class of people and regulating the distribution of honours. Aristotle has given a very narrow definition of revolution. He believed that revolution brings violence, bloodshed and destruction and without recognizing the fact that revolutions like Marx said are the locomotive of history.



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